DPS-Lean  ·  DeFranco Performance Solutions The DPS-Lean Method
Theory of Constraints: Focus on the Bottleneck Every system has one constraint limiting throughput. The Five Focusing Steps find and fix it — then repeat.
Target Demand 0/hr
Required Pace
Total System Throughput 0/hr
✗ Below Demand

What This Tab Teaches

The TOC tab walks students through the Five Focusing Steps interactively on a simulated production line. Each step updates the throughput and demand metrics live. The SVG diagram highlights WIP accumulation in front of the bottleneck.

Ask students before clicking through: if every station is running at full utilization, why isn't the system delivering at full capacity? The answer is that only the constraint determines system output. Gains at non-constraints are an illusion.

The Five Focusing Steps

  • Identify — Find the station with the lowest throughput. WIP piles up in front of it.
  • Exploit — Get maximum output from the constraint without spending money. Eliminate downtime, defects, and idle time at that station first.
  • Subordinate — Align everything else to the pace of the constraint. Non-constraints should not run faster than the bottleneck can absorb.
  • Elevate — If throughput is still below demand after exploiting and subordinating, add capacity at the constraint.
  • Repeat — Once the constraint is relieved, a new one emerges. TOC is a continuous cycle, not a one-time fix.
Lean: Eliminate What Doesn't Add Value Every process has waste hidden inside it. Lean makes it visible — then removes it.
📋
Customer
Asks
Each block = one process step  ·  100 steps total
Value-Added
Waste
📦
Customer
Gets
Value-Added~10%Customer pays for it. Transforms the product. Done right first time.
Non-Value-Added (DOWNTIME)~90%Defects · Overproduction · Waiting · Non-utilized Talent · Transportation · Inventory · Motion · Extra-Processing
The 3-Question Value-Added Test
  • The customer cares about this step and would pay for it
  • The step physically transforms the product or service
  • It is done correctly the first time — no rework

What This Tab Teaches

The conveyor belt shows 100 process steps. Approximately 10 are green (value-added) and 90 are red (waste). Before sorting, ask students to estimate the percentage of steps that add value. Most guess far higher than 10%.

After sorting, the DOWNTIME waste cards animate in. Use each card as a prompt: ask students to name an example of that waste from a process they know personally.

The 3-Question Value-Added Test

  • Does the customer care about this step and would they pay for it?
  • Does the step physically transform the product or service?
  • Is it done correctly the first time with no rework?

If the answer to any of these is no, the step is waste. Use this test to challenge assumptions about which steps are truly necessary.

Key discussion question: If only 10% of steps add value, why does the process have the other 90%? The answer usually involves habit, compliance, legacy systems, and organizational inertia.

Six Sigma: Reduce Variation, Reduce Defects Higher sigma = fewer defects. Each line marks a sigma level. Click a card to explore it.
Sigma Level
DPMO Calculator
DPMO
Sigma Level
Accuracy
Interpretation
What is a Normal Distribution?
When a process runs consistently, outputs cluster around a central average (μ). The bell curve shows how outputs distribute — wide bell means high variation, narrow bell means tight, predictable performance. Sigma levels measure how many standard deviations fit between the process mean and the specification limit. More sigmas = fewer defects. Click a sigma card below to explore each level.
When it is appropriate When it is not appropriate

What This Tab Teaches

The Galton board simulates a normal distribution. Students select a sigma level from 1 to 6 and observe the bell curve narrowing as sigma increases and DPMO dropping dramatically at each level. The DPMO Calculator lets them enter real defect data and calculate their process sigma level live.

Connect this tab back to Lean: waste is often a symptom of variation. A process that is not in statistical control will produce defects regardless of how well it is designed. Lean removes the waste. Six Sigma addresses the underlying variation that generates it.

Key Discussion Points

  • The transition from 3σ (66,807 DPMO) to 4σ (6,210 DPMO) is the highest-value improvement target for most manufacturing organizations.
  • Each sigma card includes when that level is appropriate and when it is not. Pursuing 6σ in a low-stakes process is a misallocation of resources.
  • At 3σ, a process is 93.3% accurate. That sounds good until you realize it means 66,807 defects per million opportunities.
Agile Execution: Get It Done, Keep It Moving TOC, Lean, and Six Sigma identify what to improve. Agile is the rhythm that gets improvements done.
Every improvement goes into a shared backlog. Daily standups keep work moving. Weekly reviews unblock and refill the sprint. Monthly reviews log completed work and reset. Watch it run — or click any calendar day to learn what happens.
Daily standup
Weekly review
Monthly review
Backlog0
Sprint0
Blocked0
Done0
Completed This Month

What This Tab Teaches

The Agile tab simulates an improvement team's sprint cycle over a working month. A Kanban board shows work items moving from Backlog through Sprint and Blocked to Done. Students can play the simulation at multiple speeds or advance day by day.

Click any calendar day to see what cadence event occurs and what it accomplishes. The Blocked column is intentional: improvement work always encounters obstacles. The weekly review exists to unblock items and keep velocity up.

The key insight: TOC, Lean, and Six Sigma identify what to improve. Agile is the operating system that gets improvements across the finish line. Without a cadence, improvement initiatives stall in the backlog indefinitely.

The Three Cadences

  • Daily standup — What did I complete? What am I working on today? What is blocking me? 15 minutes maximum. The goal is to surface blockers, not report status.
  • Weekly review — Unblock items, refill the sprint from the backlog, assess velocity. The mechanism that keeps the system moving.
  • Monthly retrospective — Log completed work, reset the sprint, and ask: what should we improve about how we improve?

Ready to build a culture of operational excellence?

These four disciplines work together. Let's talk about how to bring them into your organization.

Start a Conversation
Back to Free Tools